Sentencing and Criminal Justice

Question: Examine about the Sentencing and Criminal Justice. Answer: Criminal laws are characterized as laws in Australia that are successfully intended to shield society from unfair activities. This law gives discipline to the people overstepping the law which incorporates relinquishment of that people right or he/she might be charged to detainment moreover. Criminal law is otherwise called correctional law. This law incorporates Traffic/street laws, Public request, laws identified with property harm and laws identified with individuals (Ashworth, 2015). Drink driving is incorporated under traffic/street laws. Drink driving is treated as genuine and significant offense according to Australian criminal law. According to laws identified with savor driving setting of Australia, if an individual is seen as driving a vehicle over the predetermined edge level of BAC (Blood liquor convergence) of 0.05, at that point those people charged to different punishments. BAC characterizes the level of liquor present in the blood, the higher the BAC, the more noteworthy the discipline and harm (Jacobs, 2013). Smashed driver are required to confront both criminal allegations and common risk for their activities. In the event of common obligation, a claim is recorded by the casualty confronting injury or his/her family against alcoholic driver for recouping harms like expense of clinical treatment and property harm. Likewise, criminal alcoholic driving charges incorporate fines, suspension or crossing out of permit and detainment (Bergman, 2015). The punishments for drink driving rely upon the sort of offens e submitted by the individual, when the offense is submitted, Age of individual at the hour of submitting offense, the grant or permit held by that individual and whether it was the primary offense or not. There are three beverage driving offense which are required to charged. It incorporates Driving under impact of liquor and medications (DUI), Driving with recommended centralization of liquor (PCA) and declining to consent to headings of police comparable to inhale testing. Hence, an individual might be accuses of driving affected by liquor and medications; if that individual is unequipped for controlling the vehicle which he/she is driving (Ashworth, 2015). In the event that an individual is unequipped for controlling the vehicle he/she are not making harm themselves just, yet to different people out and about. Along these lines, if a physical issue or harm is cause to an individual on account of taking lift or ride from an inebriated individual then it makes obligation of individual causing mishap over other individual about his/her clinical consideration or installment for the harm or misfortunes brought about. Additionally, in the event that it is known by individual taking lift that the driver is affected by liquor, at that point it makes hazard on part on that individual. According to Australian criminal law, Negligence is characterized as a term that represents the direct of an individual that causes a danger of damage for other people and oneself moreover. Contributory carelessness is portrayed as a term that incorporates the direct of an individual which makes mischief or injury to oneself. Likewise, contributory carelessness is the most fitting methods for giving just and socially acknowledged results (Dongen, 2014). Moreover, according to Australian criminal law identified with drink driving it very well may be characterized as an increasingly unpredictable circumstance where offended party is likewise inebriated (affected by liquor) and takes lift from inebriated driver. In this way, that individual is likewise answerable for injury that causes to himself/herself. Since, that individual neglected to deal with his/her own wellbeing, because of this he/she may likewise held to add to the wounds that was caused because of careless driving of respon dent. It is additionally something critical that ought to be viewed as that taking a ride from driver who is flushed makes clear hazard as common risk enactment. Besides, it might likewise get troublesome in specific circumstances for litigant to demonstrate that offended party has acknowledged the conspicuous hazard. Contributory Negligence is especially applied to the situation where offended party knows that litigant is driving under impact of liquor and still acknowledges the lift. Along these lines, the offended party is liable of contributory carelessness in such a circumstance. According to Australian criminal law, IPP board gives a suggestion that, same destinations gauges ought to apply to contributory carelessness for offended party as the standard of care are appropriate to litigants. According to Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia and Northern Territory, a base decrease of 25% is forced on measure of recuperation to be asserted by offended party. Since offended party knew about the way that litigant was inebriated and he/she were likewise affected by liquor (Goudkamp, 2015). The manner by which offended party can refute the assumption (offended party is blameworthy of contributory carelessness as he/she neglected to take suitable and sensible consideration for their own wellb eing) shifts in various states and furthermore convey various outcomes. In New South Wales, on the off chance that the offended party is required to refute the assumption, at that point he/she should fulfill the court that offended party self-inebriation doesn't contribute in any capacity to the harm or injury that is caused because of the mishap. The current case depends on idea of contributory carelessness since Rebecca (Plaintiff) knew about the way that Michelle (Defendant) was too flushed to even consider driving, and afterward likewise she acknowledged to take ride from Michelle. Along these lines, she is considered as liable of contributory carelessness as she neglected to take sensible consideration for her own security and subsequently subject to contribute for her own physical issue. Likewise, it is characterized as the circumstance where offended party (Rebecca) is additionally inebriated and she takes ride for home from an inebriated driver (Michelle). In this way, Rebecca can sue Michelle for recuperating misfortunes of injury that is caused to her on account of mishap. In any case, she will get pay sum after a base decrease of 25% on measure of guarantee since she acknowledged a ride from an inebriated individual in any event, when she knew. References Ashworth, A. (2015) Sentencing and Criminal Justice.UK: Cambridge University Press. Bergman, P. (2015) Criminal Law: A Desk Reference. US: Nolo. Buckley, R.A., 2015. Harmed travelers and the protection of wrongdoing. Customary Law World Review, 44(3), pp.192-202. Dongen, E. (2014) Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Netherland: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Gans, J. (2011) Modern Criminal Law of Australia. UK: Cambridge University Press. Goudkamp, J. (2015) Apportionment of harms for contributory carelessness: a fixed or optional methodology?. Lawful Studies, 35(4), pp.621-647. Jacobs, J. (2013) Drunk Driving: An American Dilemma. US: University of Chicago Press. Klein, S. (2013) Learning: Principles and Applications. US: SAGE Publications.

A Critical Review of Andrea Owens’ “The Mortgage Bailout that Worked.”

While the Harvard Business Review (HBR) still can't seem to distribute anything explicitly on the Obama Mortgage Stimulus Plan starting at yet, this ongoing online journal section may give a thought with respect to what the HBR’s perspective may be. This is a fascinating piece, as it is a recorded exercise on contract bailout plans and how they may function. During the 1920s, land, as during the 1990s, was viewed as a protected venture. In New York only before the incredible accident, a few dozen land assurance organizations jumped up, offering what added up to â€Å"mutual funds† for putting resources into mortgages.These reserves were ensured by the protection division of the territory of New York. Obviously, with a couple of years, these ventures sprang wild. Indeed, the organizations themselves started to put resources into their own surety plans. They charged an expense of generally 1% of the yearly enthusiasm on the paper (not the genuine worth). When a stoppage h it, the insurance firms put their advertising plans into a higher apparatus, selling increasingly more of them, in any event, waving their expense for a period. At the point when the breakdown stopped by 1932, the showcasing went significantly higher, and more home loans were sold at increasingly more favorable rates.Some were seeing that these certification firms were â€Å"on the hook† for some entirely sketchy credits. They sold limited home loans to endeavor to take care of effectively expanded home loan esteems. It was a trick dependent on an untruth. In 1932, the organizations held the huge aggregate of about $2. 7 billion in paper, that itself spoke to about $809 million in real worth. The last breakdown came in the Spring of 1935, lastly, the state stepped in. The measures the state took is actually the exercise here. In the first place, the province of New York passed two laws. The first was the Mortgage Moratorium Act.This fundamentally expressed that the property h older can't lose his home through abandonment inasmuch as the expenses and intrigue were paid. Second, the state made an establishment called the home loan Commission whose activity it was to assume control over the home loans and try to recover their worth. The purpose of this last organization was to keep up land esteems as near the numbers on the paper as could be expected under the circumstances. It is here where the state met with some achievement. This commission recruited an enormous number of scientists and specialists to find every single property that was spoken to (mutilations and all) on the now useless paper.Each property, when recognized and evaluated, was to be discarded either through deal or rental. Those properties with incomplete enhancements were kept above water until the upgrades were done. The state aided any upgrades whatsoever on the properties that may keep up their worth. In any case, what is noteworthy is that, in any event as indicated by the HBR, by 193 5-1936, the state had recovered about 84% of the paper estimation of these properties, which is very amazing given the idea of the scam.Now, that being stated, what are the issues that get from this comparative with Obama and the home loan boost/bailout? There are two: first, that the individuals who are associated with the bailout/upgrade need to, similar to the territory of New York numerous moons back, monitor all the properties that are recorded on the paper. Also, second, that the bailout/boost cash be utilized to keep up property estimations to the best degree conceivable given the accessible liquidity. What the writers of such articles consistently overlook is that there are genuine individuals under this paper.People who have been exploited for the benefit of a couple. Here, criminal acts have been executed for speedy benefits: as usual, it is the property holder, as opposed to the connivers, that is rebuffed. Thus, the rest of this paper will manage a few issues that get fr om the boost and the authentic interpretation of it from our picked creator. 1. Despite the idea of the improvement, all dispossessions must be halted right away. It isn't the deficiency fo the property holder that they have been exploited of.Like the New York circumstance, no dispossessions ought to continue regardless of whether the charges can't be paid. This is a type of repayment for the mortgage holder of the support of such theory under the fake pennant of â€Å"the free market,† which is neither free nor a market: it is the state’s assurance of individual benefit. 2. All land expenses ought to be suspended for a solitary year. This will go about as a negative improvement for property holders. That is, families that own their own homes ought to be liberated from land charges for a solitary year.Like the New York case during the 1930s, the truth of the matter is that the controllers and the state was sleeping at the worst possible time while the entirety of this was going on. The state, generally hostage by the significant theorists, would not make a move. Subsequently, the express that went about as a facilitator to these rogues/examiners. Thus, the state doesn't merit the award of smooth assessment assortment. In the event that there is to be a ban on dispossessions, at that point there likewise should be a dropping of charges on land for families who own homes, just as a wiping out of any back duties on property, etc.3. On the off chance that the bailout is to continue, at that point notwithstanding the abovementioned, the checks (which speak to their own cash in any case) ought to be made out to the mortgage holder, and not to the rascals or â€Å"guaranty firms. † 4. While it may sound extraordinary, the connivers and their holders on ought to be condemned to work camps for their job in the trick. In the event that these individuals see cash as the consequence of trick, at that point they should be instructed that the cause of s ignificant worth is work, that is, work. Work, not extravagant money related footwork, is the wellspring of wealth.The mediators and examiners just move it around. In the event that the estimation of the paper in their grasp doesn't coordinate the real estimation of the land, that missing worth didn't vanish, it only changed hands. The above thoughts as far as the bailout/improvement itself, in this manner, ought to be associated with recovering that esteem and moving it to the citizen and property holder. The reality remains that the working class property holder doesn't have an intrigue gathering or anteroom that ensures them. The rogues do, and the poor do, yet the white collar class citizen doesn't. 5.If the improvement is to proceed, at that point it appears to be sensible to hold tha a specific level of the cash ought to go to carrying the poor into the positions f the white collar class by sponsoring their entrance into home proprietorship and monetary strength. By a similar toke, the condition of obligation of the working class ought to likewise be lightened with this equivalent cash. In such a case, it will be a bailout in the most genuine feeling of the word: not a bailout fo the money related framework, however of individual poor and white collar class citizens whose surplus worth has been sent to abroad expense asylums and â€Å"foundations.† The truth here is that this emergency is fundamental, not aberrational. The HBR’s essential sin is that they demand that this trick isn't incorporated with the framework, however the consequence of a bunch of criminal personalities. In this they are incorrect. The framework has this sort of trick incorporated with its very idea of significant worth. The issues that can â€Å"unpack† this announcement can be summed up along these lines: 1. The subject of significant worth: the control of the estimation of work is isolated from the genuine demonstration of work and work. As it were, the esti mation of work is taken by the connivers and controlled for their own profit.But the truth of the matter is that that worth isn't theirs, yet the work that has made it in any case: this incorporates the real physical work of building a house, yet in addition the scholarly work that gives the plans, the topography, the diagrams, and so forth. The excess estimation of their work is taken by any semblance of Madoff, and afterward bet against other comparable accomplishments of work. The truth of the matter is that this overflow esteem has a place with nobody however the work that made it. Consequently, the trick is incorporated with the framework, and not aberrational. 2.Hence, if expenses and abandonments are totally disposed of by state fiat (for a specific measure of time) it is only a matter of monetary reparation, not an a blessing, or a sort of state generosity. This cash and the work it speaks to has a place with the white collar class. Consequently it is their own cash that is being come back to them. 3. The worry in monetary circles isn't creation. The whole purpose of work is to make things out of their characteristic express that makes life simpler for humankind. While this appears to be rudimentary, the Wall Street attitude has no understanding of it.Speculation itself is a sort of confusion in that hypothesis involves betting paper (truth be told, speaking to work on the ground) against different bits of paper speaking to something very similar. When the estimation of this paper is swelled because of handy betting, who is to pay? Exactly the same individuals who made the genuine (I. e. non paper) esteem in any case. Subsequently, the subject of the bailout boost is lost, except if it points not at the home loan industry or money when all is said in done, yet the white collar class whose interminable condition of obligation is being exacerbated by increasingly more taxes.While it remains the cases that the framework itself is answerable for the emerge ncy, the working class, consistently n the post for a decent arrangement, verified they were obvious objectives for the trick. In any case, this isn't the flaw of this classâ€the very spine of home-proprietorship. Henceforth, the rascals should be rebuffed, and the misled rescued, not the reverse way around. Worth must be rejoined to the genuine capacity of work, as opposed to the anecdotal estimation of paper.

Management of Stress in the Real World

Management of Stress in the Real World Stress Management Situational Stress Print Stress Management Techniques for All Types of Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living RunPhoto/Getty Images Do you ever feel like some of the techniques that are recommended for the management of stress only work for certain people in specific situations? For example, if you find yourself in a high-pressure situation like a conflict at work or a toddlers tantrum, is it really practical to meditate for stress relief at that time? If you find yourself out of a job and grappling with the interview process, is laughter really the best medicine? How can you know which stress relief techniques will work for you, and when to use them? Read on for guidelines that can outline what works and when so that next time youre facing stress, you have the right tool for the job! Short-Term Stress If you’re feeling overwhelmed in the moment, these quick stress relievers can work quite well. While more in-depth stress relief techniques may bring more lasting and far-reaching benefits, these will help you to quickly reverse your stress response so you can better manage what you are facing right now: Breathing Exercises (1 to 5 Minutes): Breathing exercise can work quickly and be used virtually anywhere and in any situation. I find them especially helpful because they can be used in the midst of a stressful situation. Theres no need to take a break from things, calm down, and return after youve practiced them--you can use these to stay calm in the middle of a toddlers tantrum or whatever else comes your way.Progressive Muscle Relaxation (3 to 5 Minutes): PMR takes a little practice to master, but can help you to fully relax your body in minutes, and release stress in the process. You may need to take a break to practice in the beginning, but eventually, this can be a helpful exercise to use at your desk, in the car, or whenever you find 5 minutes to sit.Mini-Meditation (3 to 10 Minutes): Regular meditation works extremely well as a stress reliever for most people, and 20-30 minutes is an optimal length for a session. Mini-meditations, however, can be useful as well, particularly if you are used to longer sessions practiced at other times. Even three minutes of meditation can help you to feel calmer.Take A Walk (10 Minutes): If you are able to get out and walk for a minute, the change of scenery and a quick burst of exercise can work together in helping you to quickly relieve stress. This can be helpful for stressed moms and kids, as well as workers who are under heavy pressure and need to make the most of the short breaks.Change Your Perspective (Varies): Sometimes you cant change what you are facing, but you can change the way you look at things. Shifting your perspective to a more optimistic one, or even simply finding the humor in a situation can help to dissipate stress. General Lifestyle Stress Stress can come from many aspects of ones lifestyle. Often it helps to address the stress at its source, but thats not always a possibility. When you can, take action; when you cant change your situation, you can still minimize the stress you feel by cutting out stressors, building resources and adding stress relieving habits to your lifestyle. The following ideas can help. Cut Something Out: If youre stressed from a busy lifestyle, an obvious solution is to cut down on your commitments. Thats often easier said than done, but once its done, you have a whole category of stress gone from your life. Look at ways of cutting something out, and see what you open yourself up to.Take Up A New Habit Certain habits help with organization or resilience. Taking on these habits can help you to better manage the stress you face.Let Go Of Negative People: Friends and loved ones make our lives richer. Sometimes, though, the drama and conflict they create can bring more than a comfortable level of stress. Identify the people in your life who make you feel worse about yourself, drain your energy, or in other ways bring more stress than theyre worth, and consider minimizing or eliminating their role in your life.Change Your Habitual Thought Patterns: The way we think about what we face in life can increase or decrease our stress levels. Be sure your thoughts are supportin g you to manage stress in the healthiest possible way. If theyre not, these tips can help you to change that.Carve Out Time For Yourself: Having some extra down time can be one of the best stress relievers, particularly for those who dont get enough. This is because, just like an overused muscle, we need rest in between workouts. If we are constantly running, there is no time to recover and build energy for the next challenge, even if that challenge is simply part of daily life. This can lead to burnout. Be sure to create some space for relaxation in your life, so you can continue to push yourself when you need to. Emotional Stress Certain stressors, such as relationship issues, hit you emotionally. This type of stress can feel particularly trying, so it is important to find techniques to manage emotional stress. The following techniques can help you to process your emotions, minimize their intensity, or shift your focus. Journaling:  Journaling can be a very effective tool in managing stress and exploring and processing your emotions. These techniques work particularly well for working through emotional stress.Meditation:  Meditation can be challenging when you have a lot on your mind, but this is also a time when it can be most effective. The loving kindness meditation is particularly useful for relieving emotional stress and can be one of the easier forms of meditation to practice. Mindfulness meditation may take a little more practice  but does not require a distraction-free space. Experiment and see which types of meditation work best for you and your situation.Exercise:  Exercise can be a great distraction--running, walking, classes and other forms of exercise provide a change of scenery as well as something to focus on with your mind and body besides your stressors. Exercise provides health benefits and builds resilience toward stress as well, so it is an option that works in many ways.Change Y our Perspective:  As mentioned, the way we perceive things can increase or decrease the stress we feel. Sometimes we see things in a more negative or distorted way than we need to, and learning to change this can bring relief to our stress levels and our relationships. Thats why it helps to examine and change cognitive distortions we may have. If you can shift the way you look at the situation, you may experience less emotional stress.Talk To A Friend:  Simply sharing your thoughts with a friend can help you to feel less alone, and can provide you with another perspective. Wisely choose who you speak to, and be sure to reciprocate when your friends need your support but dont underestimate the power of a supportive shoulder. Anxiety About the Future Fears and anxiety about tomorrow can create stress and rob us of our happiness today. That said, anxiety is rather common, and finding stress relief techniques to combat it can help us to relax into the present moment and enjoy life more. Certain types of anxiety are intense enough to require professional help, but everyday anxiety can be managed well with a few stress relief strategies. These techniques can help. Meditation:  Meditation is a fantastic anxiety reliever, as it helps you to quiet (or learn to ignore) that nagging voice in your head that points out everything you could be but shouldnt be worrying about. Luckily, there are many different forms of meditation to try. See which types of meditation work best for you.Journaling:  Often, we worry about things that pose no real threat, things that have a low likelihood of happening, or things we cant control. Sometimes we need a reality check. Journaling can offer a helpful tool for examining and refuting the sources of anxiety.Action-Based Coping:  There are often things you can do to change a situation, but sometimes our anxiety keeps us from moving into action mode. Other times, it may ease anxiety to build resources that we may need if the worst does indeed happen. Either way, brainstorming solutions can be quite helpful, and this journaling technique can walk you through the process.Talk To A Friend:  Friends can often provide a rea lity check or they can point us to resources that can help us to feel less concerned about what might happen next. Even talking to someone about how they may have faced similar situations in the past can help us to feel less anxious about the stressors that cause us anxiety. Talking to a friend or, if necessary, a therapist can provide helpful support. Getting Through a Crisis Stress management is particularly important during times of crisis. Certain strategies, such as taking care of your physical health, tend to be particularly important during these times because they can be particularly helpful, and can affect the other ways in which you cope. Ongoing Stress Management Virtually all stress management techniques become more effective over time, as your body and mind become used to relaxing as you practice them. Certain techniques, particularly exercise and meditation, are especially effective at creating changes that help you to become more resilient toward stress with practice over time. Practicing stress management techniques in an ongoing way can help you to relieve stress as you face it, and be more ready for whatever stress comes your way. These stress management resources can help you to make stress management a regular part of your life. Also, be sure to keep in mind that if the stress you face requires more than what these techniques alone can offer, you can talk to your doctor about other options and support.

Amazon River Basin Countries

The Amazon River is the second longest river (it is just shorter than the Nile River in Egypt) in the world and it has the largest watershed or drainage basin as well as the most tributaries of any river in the world. For reference, a watershed is defined as the area of land that releases its water into a river. This entire area is often referred to as the Amazon Basin. The Amazon River begins with streams in the Andes Mountains in Peru and flows into the Atlantic Ocean about 4,000 miles (6,437 km) away.The Amazon River and its watershed encompass an area of 2,720,000 square miles (7,050,000 sq km). This area includes the largest tropical rainforest in the world - the Amazon Rainforest. In addition parts of the Amazon Basin also include grassland and savannah landscapes. As a result, this area is some of the least developed and most biodiverse in the world. Countries Included in the Amazon River Basin The Amazon River flows through three countries and its basin includes three more. The following is a list of these six countries that are part of the Amazon  River region arranged by their area. For reference, their capitals and populations have also been included. Brazil Area: 3,287,612 square miles (8,514,877 sq km)Capital: BrasiliaPopulation: 198,739,269 (July 2010 estimate) Peru Area: 496,225 square miles (1,285,216 sq km)Capital: LimaPopulation: 29,546,963 (July 2010 estimate) Colombia Area: 439,737 square miles (1,138,914 sq km)Capital: BogotaPopulation: 43,677,372 (July 2010 estimate) Bolivia Area: 424,164 square miles (1,098,581 sq km)Capital: La PazPopulation: 9,775,246 (July 2010 estimate) Venezuela Area: 352,144 square miles (912,050 sq km)Capital: CaracasPopulation: 26,814,843 (July 2010 estimate) Ecuador Area: 109,483 square miles (283,561 sq km)Capital: QuitoPopulation: 14,573,101 (July 2010 estimate) Amazon Rain Forest Over half the world rainforest is located in the Amazon Rain Forest which is also called Amazonia. The majority of the Amazon River Basin is within the Amazon Rain Forest. An estimated 16,000 species live in the Amazon. Although the Amazon Rain Forest is huge and is incredibly biodiverse its soil was not suitable for farming. For years researchers assumed that the forest must have been sparsely populated by humans because the soil could not support the agriculture needed for large populations. However, recent studies have shown the forest was much more densely populated than previously believed. Terra Preta The discovery of a type of soil known a terra preta has been found in the Amazon River Basin. This soil is the product of ancient jungle foresty. The dark soil is actually a fertilizer made from mixing charcoal, manure and bone. The charcoal is primarily what gives the soil its characteristic black color. While this ancient soil can be found in several countries in the Amazon River Basin its primarily found in Brazil. This isnt surprising as Brazil is the largest country in South America. Its so large it actually touches all but two other countries in South America.

The Role of the Death Penalty on Preventing Future Crime...

Does the death penalty prevent future crime? We are scared. Surveys find that the fear of crime is high and perhaps rising. So the question of prevention is important. General deterrence is the idea that punishing an offender deters others from committing similar crimes. But does the threat of the death penalty actually discourage others from killing and thus make us safer? If so, does it do so significantly better than other forms of punishment? Dozens of studies have examined the relationship between murder and the death penalty in Canada, the United States and elsewhere. They have compared murder rates in areas with the death penalty to those in areas without the death penalty. They examined what happened to murder rates†¦show more content†¦Rather than preventing violence, capital punishment may have a brutalizing effect that increases the level of violence in our society. It may in fact raise, not lower, murder rates. How could the threat of death fail to prevent -- and possibly even cause -- violence? To understand this phenomenon, we must look at the theory of general deterrence, especially as it relates to the death penalty. The idea of deterrence assumes that: 1. Each of us decides our actions by weighing the cost of these actions against the benefits. When the cost -- in this case the threat of death -- outweighs the potential benefits, we are discouraged from committing crimes. Crime is the result of conscious, rational choices. 2. People have a good idea of costs and a high degree of certainty that they will suffer the costs. 3. The consequences are seen as a significant cost at the time of the act. 4. A potential offender identifies with those being punished. These assumptions of deterrence theory fail to take into account the nature and meaning of interpersonal violence. They are often unrealistic when applied to the death penalty. Lets examine these assumptions. 1. 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Many people claim that allowing such a punishment will help decrease the crime rate, and also give closure to the victim’s family, but if you as American citizens analyze this situation in more detail you can see that taking a life for taking a life is moreRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Deterrent Effect On Crime Essay2970 Words   |  12 PagesWhether the Death Penalty Has Any Real Deterrent Effect on Crime Name Institution Abstract The question of capital punishment has been stirring heated debate in regards to whether it indeed does or doesn’t deter criminal activities. By exploring findings from various studies, this paper aims at validating whether death penalty has a deterrent effect on crimes. Various studies are explored with the objective of understanding which side of the debate is stronger. The findings of this

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Free Essays

Going back to the previous stages of Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of Development I have been, I think I have been fixated at my Latency Stage during my elementary years because I was not that free to explore things on my own. I do not mix up with my other grade school friends back then that much. I didn’t even play basketball with my nearby neighbors that’s why until now, I do not know how to play basketball. We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now I and my siblings used to stay at home all day, all night even our parents were not around. We are not allowed to go out of the neighborhood just to roam around and talk around. Maybe this is the reason why I do not know how to socialize totally with other people, keeps me of not being hooked up with some of naughty things and vices. And gets me out of danger and trouble in the way. I think I am a well-rounded person already, regardless of being my unsociable behavior wherein I can’t and I don’t easily get involved nor caught up with the jests of my friend and when it’s my turn, they always find me corny and some sort of out-of-the-world guy. But then, I still thank my parents for raising me up like this. In such a way that it’s only me and my family can understand each other. It’s quite selfish though, but I like it that way. How to cite Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory, Papers

Formative Assessment and Assessment for Learning Essay Example For Students

Formative Assessment and Assessment for Learning Essay It is in large part responsible for the widespread focus in education on the particular kind of assessment known as formative, Their research review (AAA) examined studies that collectively encompassed kindergà ¤rtners to allege students; represented a range of subject areas including reading, writing, social studies, mathematics, and science: and were conducted in numerous countries throughout the world, including the United States. The gains reported in the studies they describe are among the largest found for any educational intervention, Typical effect sizes were between 0. And CO, In other words, the achievement gains realized by students whose teachers rely on formative assessment can range from IS to AS percentile points, or two to four grade equivalents, on commonly used standardized achievement test score scales. In broader terms, this kind of score gain, if applied to performance on recent international assessments, would move the United States rank from the middle Of the pack Of 42 nations tested to the top five (Black William, Bibb). An additional outcome common among the studies they analyzed is that certain formative assessment practices greatly increased the achievement Of IOW- performing students, in some cases to the point of approaching that of high achieving students. Not surprisingly, a plethora Of formative assessment Seven Strategies of Assessment for Learning orgasm and products has surfaced, due in part to the achievement gains and gap-closing powers reported by Black and William and other researchers. The adjective formative now appears frequently in titles Of commercially prepared tests and item banks, interim and benchmark tests, short-cycle assessments, and classroom assessments. Does calling a product or practice formative make it so? Are all of the tests and practices labeled as formative truly formative? And most importantly, what is it about formative that gives it its power? What led to the gains these researchers uncovered? What Is Formative Assessment? First lets look at what is and what isnt formative. For Black and William, and for many other experts in the field, formative assessment is not an instrument or an event, but a collection of practices with a common feature: they all lead to some action that improves learning. Well-known educational researchers emphasize this point when they describe what is at the heart of formative assessment: Formative assessment, therefore, is essentially feedback (Armadas, 1983) both to the teachers and to the pupil about present understanding and skill placement in order to determine the way forward (Harlan James, 1997, p, 369). Deformation assessment] refers to assessment that is specifically intended to provide feedback on performance to improve and accelerate learning (Sadler, 1998, p. 77). An assessment is formative to the extent that information from the assessment is fed back within the System and actually used to improve the performance of the system in some way [William Alley, 2007, p. 31). Formative assessment is defined as assessment carried out during the instructional process for the purpose of improving teaching or learning.. What makes formative assessment formative is that it is immediately used to make adjustments so as to form new learning (Sheppard, 2008, p. 281). The common thread woven throughout formative assessment research, articles, and books bears repeating: it is not the instrument that is formative; it is the use of the information gathered, by whatever means, to adjust teaching and learning, that merits the formative label (Figure I . 1). Figure 1. Aggregative Assessment Gorham and informal processes teachers and students use to gather evidence for the purpose of improving learning In the classroom we assess formally through assignments, tests, quizzes, performances, projects, and surveys; or informally through questioning and dialogue, observing, and anecdotal note taking. In any of these instances, we may or may not be engaged in formative assessment: the determining factor is not the type of assessment we use, but rather Howe and our students use the information. Summation Assessment When the information from an assessment is used solely to make a judgment about level of competence or achievement, it is a summation assessment (Figure 1. 2). At the classroom level, an assessment is summation when it is given to determine how much students have learned at a particular point in time, for the purpose of communicating achievement status to others. The communication Figure 1. Assessments that provide evidence of student achievement for the purpose of making a judgment about student competence or program effectiveness usually takes the form of a symbol, a letter grade or number, or a comparison to a standard such as Meets the Standard or Proficient, that is reported to students and eventually to parents. Sometimes an assessment intended to be used formatively can be used cumulatively, such as when the evidence indicates hat students have attained mastery. And sometimes an assessment intended to be used cumulatively can be used formatively, such as when a test reveals significant problems with learning that we address through reattaching. At the program level, an assessment is summation when results are used to make judgments such as determining how many students are and are not meeting standards in a certain subject for purposes of accountability. The data may be reported to educators within the system, the school board, and the community, Summation assessments arent bad or wrong. Thefts just not formative: they eve a different purpose?to report out level of achievement, Misleading them as formative will not cause them to generate the achievement gains noted in research studies. Aggregative or Summation? An important reason to distinguish between formative and summation assessment is that achievement gains credited to formative assessment practices will not materialize unless certain conditions are met, and at least some of these conditions are often not met by assessments whose primary purpose is summation. The conditions are as follows: 1. . 3. The assessment instrument r event is designed 50 that it aligns directly vivid the content standards to be learned. All of the instrument or events items or tasks match vat has been or will be taught. The instrument or event provides information Of sufficient detail to pinpoint specific problems, such as misunderstandings, so that teachers can make good decisions about What actions to take, and With Whom. The results are available in time to take action with the students who generated them. Teachers and students do indeed take action based on the results. COMPASSION FOR THE SOULS WHO INHABIT HELL EssayThe seven strategies fulfill Saddlers three conditions, phrased as questions from the students point of view: Where am going? : Where am I now? ; and How can close the gap? As you read through these strategies, note that many are not new ?they reflect practices that have been around for years (Figure 1. 4). What may be new is their intentional use, focusing on the student as the most influential decision maker in your classroom. Where Am I Going? Strategy 1: Provide students with a clear and understandable vision of the learning target, Motivation and achievement both increase when instruction is guided by clearly fined targets. Activities that help students answer the question, Whats the learning? Et the stage for all further formative assessment actions, 11 Figure Strategy I: Provide students With a clear and understandable vision Of the learning target. Strategy 2: Use examples and models of strong and weak work. Where Am I Now? Str ategy 3: Offer regular descriptive feedback. Strategy 4: Teach students to self- assess and set goals. How Can Close the Gap? Strategy 5: Design lessons to focus on one learning target or aspect of quality at a time, Strategy 6: Teach students focused revision, Strategy 7: Engage students n sellreflection, and let them keep track of and share their learning. Source: Adapted with permission from R, J. Stinging, J, A Rater,J. Chapeaus, and S, Chapeaus, Classroom Assessment for Student Learning: Doing It Right?using It Well (Portland, OR: TEST Assortment Training Institute, 2004), p. 42. Strategy 2: use examples and models of strong and weak work. Carefully chosen examples of the range of quality can create and refine students understanding of the learning goal by helping students answer the questions, M/hat defines quality work? and M/hat are some problems to avoid? Where Am I NOW? Strategy 3: Offer regular descriptive feedback. Effective feedback shows students where they are on their path to attaining the intended learning. It answers for students the questions, M/hat are my strengths? ; What do need to work on? ; and Where did go wrong and what can do about it? Strategy 4: Teach students to self-assess and set goals. The information provided in effective feedback models the kind of evaluative thinking we want students to be able to do themselves. Strategy 4 teaches students to identify their strengt hs and weaknesses and to set goals for further earning It helps them answer the questions, What am I good at? ; What do need to favor on? ; and Math should I do next? How Can Close the Cap? Strategy 5: Design lessons to focus on one leaning target or aspect of quality at a time. When assessment information identifies a need, we can adjust instruction to target that need. In this sweater, we scaffold learning by narrowing the focus of a lesson to help students master a specific learning goal or to address specific misconceptions or problems. Strategy 6: Teach students focused revision. This is a companion to Strategy 5?when a concept, skill, or competence proves official for students, we can let them practice it in smaller segments, and give them feedback on just the aspects they are practicing, This strategy allows students to revise their initial work with a focus on a manageable number of learning targets or aspects of quality. Strategy 7: Engage students in self-reflection, and let them keep track of and share their learning. Long-term retention and motivation increase when students track, reflect on, and communicate about their learning, In this strategy, students look back on their journey, reflecting on their learning and sharing their achievement with others. The seven strategies are not a recipe to be followed step by step, although they do build on one another. Rather, they are a collection of actions that Will strengthen students sense Of self-efficacy (belief that effort will lead to improvement), their motivation to try, and ultimately, their achievement. They represent a use Of assessment information that differs from the traditional practice of associating assessment with test, and test with grade. These assessment practices Will not result in more grades in the graduated.